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Evolution Korea Korean scientists don't take any chances in the debate over evolution. The Society for Textbook Revise (STR) has been battling to have the Archaeopteryx and horses removed from textbooks, saying they are typical icons of evolutionism. Confucian practices, with their emphasis on success in the world and high value of learning still dominates the culture of the country. However, Korea is seeking an alternative model of development. Origins The growth of Iron Age culture brought more sophisticated states like Goguryeo Baekje and Silla to the Korean peninsula. They all developed a distinct culture that merged with the influence of their powerful neighbors and they also adopted aspects of Chinese culture, especially Confucianism and Buddhism while shamanism remained to be practised too. Goguryeo was the first of these kingdoms to implement its own version of government to the Korean people. It instituted a king-centered system of government in the early 2nd Century. Through a series of wars it drove away the factions that were loyal to the Han dynasty from the north of the peninsula. It also expanded its territory in Manchuria too. It was during this period that a regional confederation emerged known as Buyeo. Its founder Wang Geon was given the title of king, and his name was recorded down in the 13th century Samguk yusa (Memorabilia of the Three Kingdoms). Buyeo was renamed Goryeo and, consequently, the name was adopted by Korea. Goryeo was a prosperous commercial and economic system, and was a centre for education. They raised sheep, goats and other animals and made furs out of them. They wrote poetry and masked dance-dramas like sandaenori and tallori and they held an annual festival called Yeonggo in December. The economy of Goryeo was stimulated by the brisk trade, which included the Song Dynasty of China. Byeongnando was the main entry point to Gaeseong, the capital of Gaeseong. Traders came from Central Asia, Arabia and Southeast Asia. Silk and medicinal herbs were among the products they brought. Around 8,000 BCE Around 8,000 BCE, the Koreans started to establish permanent settlements and began to cultivate cereal crops. They also developed polished pottery, stone tools, and began to organize themselves into clan societies. The Neolithic Age lasted until the 12th century BC. Around this time, Gija, a Shang dynasty prince from China, is said to have introduced high culture to Korea. Many Koreans believed, right up to the 20th century, that Gija and Dangun gave Korea their people and their basic culture. Functions Korea's old paradigm of development, focusing on state-led capital accumulation, government intervention in industry and business, contributed to rapid growth in the economy that took it from being one of the most deprived countries in the world to the ranks of OECD nations in just three decades. This system was fraught with moral risks and even corruption. It was therefore not sustainable in an economy characterized by liberalization, trade, and the process of democratization. The current crisis has revealed the flaws of the current paradigm and it is likely that a new model will be developed to replace it. Chapters 3 and 4 explore the roots of Korea's government-business risk partnership and explain how the emergence of economic actors who have an interest in preserving the system impeded it from adopting fundamental reforms. By focusing on corporate governance and financial resource allocation, these chapters provide a detailed analysis of the root causes of the crisis and provide suggestions towards ways to move forward through reforms. Chapter 5 examines possible paths for Korea's post-crisis evolution of the development paradigm and examines both the legacy of the past as well as the new trends created by the IT revolution. It also focuses on how these changes will affect Korea's political and social structures. The main conclusion is that there are a variety of emerging trends that are transforming the nature of power and will decide the future of the country. Despite the fact that political participation in Korea is extremely restricted, new forms are emerging which are able to bypass political parties and challenge them, thereby changing the system of democracy in Korea. Another important finding is that the influence and power of the Korean elite has diminished. A large section of society feels disengaged from the ruling class. This is a sign of the need for more civic participation and education and new models of power-sharing. In the end, the chapter concludes that the success or failure of Korea's new development paradigm will be determined by how these new ideas are incorporated with a willingness to make hard decisions. Benefits South Korea is the world's ninth-largest economy and sixth fastest growing. It has a huge and growing middle class, as well as a strong research and development base that is driving innovation. The government has recently increased its investment in infrastructure projects, to boost the growth of the economy and to promote social equity. In 2008, Lee Myung Bak's administration released five indicators as an attempt to create a development system that emphasized changes and practicality. The administration made efforts to streamline government operations and privatize public corporations for more efficiency, and also reform the administrative regulations. Since the conclusion of the Cold War, South Korea is pursuing a strategy for integration of its economy with the rest and beyond the region. Its exports of advanced manufacturing technologies and high-tech consumer electronics have become a major source of income. Additionally the government has been encouraging the Saemaeul Undong (New Community Movement) initiative, which has transformed the country from an agricultural society into one that is focused on manufacturing. The country also enjoys a high standard of living and provides many benefits for employees, such as pregnancy leave and job security. Employers are also required to purchase accident insurance, which covers the cost of work-related illnesses and injuries. It is also typical for companies offer private medical insurance plans to cover ailments that are that are not covered by National Health Insurance. In the end, South Korea has been considered a model of prosperity for many emerging countries around the world. However the global financial crisis that swept through Asia in 1997 challenged this notion. The crisis challenged the notion about Asia's miracle economies and led to a fundamental reappraisal of the role played by the state in regulating the risky private sector economic activities. It appears that Korea's future is still uncertain in the following changes. A new generation of leaders have taken on the image of a “strong leader” and are beginning to explore market-oriented policies. On the other hand, a strong domestic power base has made it difficult to implement radical change. Disadvantages The reemergence of creationists is a major obstacle to Korean science's efforts to educate people about evolution. While the majority of Koreans favor teaching evolution in schools, a small group of creationist groups—led by a microbiologist named Bun-Sam Lim, who is the head of the Society for Textbook Revise (STR)—is insisting on its removal from textbooks. STR argues that teaching evolution promotes “atheist materialism” and paints an “unhopeful” perspective for students, which can cause students to lose faith in humanity. The reasons behind this anti-evolution stance are complex and diverse. Some researchers suggest that it is due to religious belief, while others point to an increasing prevalence of anti-intellectualism, which has been exacerbated by growing political elite fragmentation along ideologies, regions, class, and gender. The one-sided populism, supported by powerful conservative think tanks, business interests and other influential organizations, has also exacerbated public mistrust of the scientific community. In the end, the study's findings on numerous vulnerabilities point to the need for targeted policies that can reduce them before they occur. These findings will assist Seoul to achieve its dream of becoming a cityscape that is harmonious. In the COVID-19 case, identifying most vulnerable neighborhoods and their inhabitants will be essential to crafting specific, compassionate policies that improve their wellbeing and safety. The disproportionate impact of COVID-19 on Jjokbangs, for example is a reflection of the socio-economic differences that can increase vulnerability to both natural and man-made catastrophes. To overcome this, South Korea requires a more inclusive and diverse civil society that can unite all communities to tackle the most pressing problems of the city. This requires a fundamental change in the structure and power of the institution of politics. The Blue House can mobilize a large bureaucracy, and use the Supreme Prosecutor's Office, and the intelligence bureau to exert influence on the political scene. These agencies aren't subject to oversight by parliamentary bodies or independent inspectors. This gives the president a lot of power to dictate their own vision on the rest of the nation. This is a recipe that can result in polarization and stagnation of the country.